Purifying polluted water through hemodialysis filters for poor villages without electricity: the Easy Water for Everyone approach and experience
Purifying polluted water through hemodialysis filters for poor villages without electricity: the Easy Water for Everyone approach and experience Friedrich K. Port; Jochen G. Raimann; Joseph Marfo Boaheng; Philip K. Narh; Seth Johnson; Ben Lipps; Linda Donald; Nathan W. Levin Water Supply (2020) 20 (8): 3502–3510. Abstract: Given the need for treating polluted drinking water, our NGO Easy Water for Everyone has produced pure water in remote villages without power and achieved health benefits. With the goal of reaching more needy populations we report our experience and successful implementation in Ghana. In 20 villages polluted water is pumped every few days to an elevated water tank connected to a filtration device leading to a faucet. Repurposed hemodialyzers with polysulfone membranes, having a filter pore size of 0.003 micrometres, prevent passage of pathogens. Gravity from a 3 m height pushes water through the membrane whenever the faucet is open. Backflushing of the hemodialyzer membrane three times daily removes built-up organic material and maintains flow rates of 250 L/hour for at least two years. Filtered water has been culture-negative. Management of problems and optimization are reported. The five-year cost per village of <1,500 population averaged <2 US$ per day.
Long-Term Sustainability of Using Hemodialyzers to Inexpensively Provide Pathogen-Free Water to Remote Villages Lacking Electricity
Long-Term Sustainability of Using Hemodialyzers to Inexpensively Provide Pathogen-Free Water to Remote Villages Lacking Electricity by Friedrich K. Port, David A. Goodkin, Jochen G. Raimann, Joseph M. Boaheng, Seth Johnson, Mathieu Lamolle, Linda Donald, Nathan W. Levin Easy Water for Everyone, White Plains, NY 10606, USA Water for Everyone, Le Vieux Bourg 7, 1026 Denges, Switzerland Received: 22 December 2021 / Revised: 15 January 2022 / Accepted: 21 January 2022 / Published: 4 February 2022 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Sustainable Chemical and Biological Methods for Pollutants Removal from Water) Abstract: The provision of clean water to remote communities is a major goal of both the World Health Organization and the United Nations. We report on the long-term sustainability of filter sterilizing polluted water in remote villages in Ghana that lack electricity. Contaminated water pumped several times a week via a gasoline pump into a 1000 L elevated tank is filtered through polysulfone hemodialyzers on demand. The 3 nm fiber pore size rejects all bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Villagers flush organic matter from the dialyzers thrice daily to maintain a flow of up to 250 L/h. Having previously reported a 73% reduction in diarrheal episodes, we now address system sustainability. After passing through the hemodialyzer filters, a fecally polluted water source remains consistently free of pathogens even after the system has been in place for >1 year in most villages. Filters are easily replaced when needed. The daily cost for unlimited clean water is less than USD 2.22 per village over five years. Villagers have continued to independently fill the tank and flush the system because they appreciate the clean water and health benefits. We demonstrate that over 2–6 years this system providing pathogen-free drinking water can be maintained independently by villagers for long-term sustainability. It does not require electricity nor disinfectants to be added to the product water and is ready for far broader application in similarly remote settings. Keywords: purified water; membrane filtration; filter longevity.